Determination of Vitamin C in Tablets

Determination of Vitamin C in TabletsINTRODUCTIONNowaold age, health has become the close important piazza of homosexuals life. Commonly, diets with high contents of proceedss be protective against several human dis alleviations such as cardiovascular diseases and even crappercer. on that pointfore, the broad unwashed be displace more(prenominal) than than and more attention on antioxidant substances such as vitamin C which is as well as known as ascorbic acetous or more specifically L-ascorbic virulent. Vitamin C is probably one of the some extremely well known. Furthermore, people have become more aw be to the importance of vitamin C. Hence, this baffles the global securities industry flooded with vitamin C fortified feeds (Arya, Mahajan and Jain, 2000).The term of vitamin C is apply as generic term for all compounds exhibiting qualitatively the biological activity of ascorbic acetous. The molecular(a) structure of vitamin C is C6H8O6 and the molecular wei ght is 176.1 ( testis, 2006). Vitamin C is highly polar and readily soluble in aqueous outcome and insoluble in little nonpolar solvents (Fennema, 1996). It is an caustic compound due to the facile ionisation of hydroxyl shank group on carbon 3 (pK1 = 4.17) while the hydroxyl group on carbon 2 is much more large-minded to ionization (pK2 = 11.79). The structure of L-ascorbic social disease is tapern in determine 1 (Ball, 2006).Ball (2006) too stated that ascorbic harsh is easily and reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acrimonious, forming the ascorbyl radical anion which is also known as semidehydoascorbate as an intermediate as shown in show 2. Dehydoascorbic window glass possesses full vitamin C activity because it is readily reduce to ascorbic acetous in the animal body. However, dehydoascorbic acid is not an acid in the chemical sense, as it does not have the dissociable protons that ascorbic acid has at carbon 2 and carbon 3 positions.One of the most importa nt properties of vitamin C is that it is an antioxidant. Neverthe slight, it has a capacious range of antioxidant properties outside the body and rout out quench most biologically active radicals. It scavenges su bleach, nitroxide, hydroxide, total heat peroxide and get out reduce vitamin E (Hickey and Roberts, 2004). It is also be to be a absolute antioxidant as it helps to neutralize harmful free radicals (Izuagie and Izuagie, 2007).Vitamin C is an almost odourless white or pale yellow crystalline powder with a pleasant sharp taste and melting point of close xclC. It is not a carboxylic acid but a lactone and ease of oxidisation to the straw man of an enediol grouping (Izuagie and Izuagie, 2007). Vitamin C is highly susceptible to oxidisation, oddly when catalyzed by metal ions such as copper(II) ion and iron(III) ion. The functions and activities of vitamin C are base on its properties as a reversible biological reductant (Hickey and Roberts, 2004).Vitamin C particip ates for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of the body (Kleszczewski and Kleszczewska, 2002). Vitamin C is a natural antioxidant that mostly found in reapings and vegetables. The main sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits, strawberries, peppers, tomatoes, cabbage, and spinach. Vitamin C plays crucial roles in electron transport, hydroxylation replys and oxidative catabolism of aromatic compounds in animal metabolism (Gazdik et al, 2008).Vitamin C peck help to prevent and treat common cold, mental illness, infertility, scurvy, after partcer and acquired insubordinate deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). It is reported to lower cancer risk and also express to have important interactions with early(a) vitamins. For example, excessive intake of vitamin A is less toxic to the body when vitamin C is readily available (Izuagie and Izuagie, 2007). collectable to the great importance of vitamin C in human beings, the quantitative analysis of vitamin C h as gained change magnitude significance in several areas of analytical chemistry such as pharmaceutical and provender applications (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005).Vitamin C is also utilize as an index of the nutrient quality for fruit and vegetable products. This is because it is much more sensitive to various modes of debasement in food processing and sequent memory board (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemero, 2004). It is well known that vitamin C is easily oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in alkaline solutions, while it is relatively stable in acidic solution. Vitamin C of fruit juices is readily oxidized and lost during staying of the juices (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000).In the food industry, vitamin C is utilise as food additive (Mai and Mohammed, 2004). It preserves and protects food from any colour changes and act as an important component of our pabulum as well. Vitamin C helps to prevent the degradation of soft drinks and juice which helps to confine their flavors. Henc e, it extends the quality of food and nutritional entertain as well (Burdurlu, Koca and Karadeniz, 2005). adulteration of vitamin C at a lower placegoes twain anaerobic and aerobic pathways. Qxidation of vitamin C in aerobic pathway occurs primarily during the processing of food whereas anaerobic degradation of vitamin C mainly during storage. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the decomposition products of vitamin C and acts as precursor of brown pigments (Burdurlu, Koca and Karadeniz, 2005). Vitamin C degradation in packaged fruit juices depends mainly on storage temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen level, residual total heat peroxide,H2O2 left aft(prenominal) the sterilization of packaging material and trace metal ions (Ozkan, Kirca and Cameroglu, 2004).Consequently, studies on vitamin C content in foods are important in relation to the chasteness of nutritional labels, the update of food databases and the establishment of dietary reference intakes. chromatic juice is pro bably the most globally accepted fruit juice and it is recognized worldwide as a good source of ascorbic acid (Sharma, Singh and Saxena, 2006).In admission, in that location are many analytical rules used to follow the preoccupancy of vitamin C in the pharmaceutical auditions which are colorimetric regularity acting, titration, enzymatic method, liquify injection analysis (FIA) and high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Arya and Mahajan, 1997). Reflectometer is an instrument that can used to analyze many different types of test which include ascorbic acid test that is concerned in this project. It provides a simple and speedy close of vitamin C content in many pharmaceuticals product.LITERATURE REVIEW assorted methods used in tendency of Vitamin CIn recent years, the decision of vitamin C has become an important subject in the field of biochemistry and technical foods. This is because vitamin C plays an important role in maintaining human health (Chen and Sato, 1995). Due to the importance of vitamin C in human beings, the quantitative analysis of vitamin C has gained a profound attach in several areas of analytical chemistry such as pharmaceutical and food applications (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005).There are numerous methods for the tendency of vitamin C in a variety of natural samples, biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulations. The methods for the determination of vitamin C are spectrophotometric methods and non-spectrophotometric methods (Arya and Mahajan, 1997). For non-spectrophotometric methods are such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), titration, enzymatic method and fluorometry (Arya, Mahajan and Jain, 2000). Direct spectrophotometry also has been use to determine the vitamin C content in soft drinks, fruit juices, and cordials afterwards field of study for background absorption in the UV region.Flow-injection analysis (FIA)In FIA, there is no air segmentation and it is not necessary for a state of chemical e quilibrium to be reached. The sample is introduced into a bearer stream as a discrete plug. The comportment of a sample-carrier larboard allows diffusion-controlled dispersion of the sample as it is swept with narrow-bore tubing to gain a concentration gradient. The flow-through detector monitors the change in concentration of the reaction product, which is displayed as a well-defined aggrandisement (Ball, 2006).Flow-injection analysis permits a simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of vitamin C where its systems allow faster take in places and consumed fewer reagents compared with segmented-flow analysis (Kleszczewki and Kleszczewska, 2002). Memon, Dahot and Ansari had proposed a method by victimisation mono 1, 10-phenanthroline-iron(III) complex as oxidant. This experiment was based on its bring down reaction on mono(1-10-Phenanthroline)-iron(III) to tris(1,10-Phenanthroline)-iron(II) (ferroin) and the absorbance of ferroin was monitored at 510nm throu gh spectrophotometer equipped with a flow through cell (Memon et al, 2000).In this analysis single channel obscure is used as shown in construe 3. The reagent stream is pumped at the flow respect 1.1mL/min via a peristaltic pump equipped with premature ventricular contraction pump tubing. The vitamin C sample is introduced into the reagent stream via a rotary polytetrafluoroethylene valve. A normalization crimp for vitamin C in the range 0-50ppm was plot from the results obtained by Memon, Memon, Dahot and Ansari which are shown in construe 4. They also studied close the operation of reaction coil and reagent concentration. From the graph (Figure 5), the maximum persuasiveness was disc all overed at 50cm reaction coil. While the results of the launch of reagent concentration obtained is shown in Figure 6 indicating that the maximum signal could be obtained at 35% reagent (Memon, Memon, Dahot and Ansari, 2000).This method can be improved within certain limits by extend the volume of the injected sample in flow injection analysis. The sensitivity is increased two fold with the increase of sample volume. As conclusion, since the sentence need for sample preparation is short and reagent consumption is low, hence the method is highly economical and is suitable to use on routine basis for determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical preparations (Memon et al, 2000).Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometryDirect ultraviolet spectrophotometry is a fast, simple and reliable method for the determination of vitamin C. This method can be make through alkaline manipulation and the maximum absorption of vitamin C falls at 243nm at pH2 (Yanshan, 1997). The absorption of UV light by the sample matrix was the major problem in this method. Therefore, alkaline treatment method was found to be used as background correction in vacant. This is because more than 95% of vitamin C volition be washed-up in 10 atomic number 42s after alkaline treatment which is in the r ange of pH 12 to 13 (Salkic and Kubicek, 2008). UV spectrophotometry method was found to be applicable for most fruits, fruit juices and soft drinks except those that are unstable to alkaline treatment, and were deeply colored, or contained high concentration of caffeine, saccharin, fan and tannic acid (Yanshan, 1997).To determine the throw down content of vitamin C in food samples, a well-established method was investigated by Khan, Rahman, Islam and Begum, 2006 by development the 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine methods (DNPH). This is a simplified method for the simultaneous determination of total vitamin C occupied coupling reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine dye with vitamin C and followed by spectrophotometric determination. The spectrophotometric method involves the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid by the action of bromine solution in the forepart of acetic acid. Reaction surrounded by dehydoascorbic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine at 37 C tempera ture for three hours will form an osazone. The solution is treated with 85% H2SO4 to produce a red color complex. The absorbance of all standards was measured at 521 nm by using a UV-spectrophotometer. The results obtained were taken to contruct a calibration curve (Khan et al, 2006).The calibration curve was constructed by plotting the concentration versus the corresponding absorbance as shown by Figure 7. The molar absorptivity, ? can be obtained using Beer-Lambert plots. The reliabilty of this method was justified by the calculations of the % of standard deviation and it was found to be alter within the range from 0.20 to 2.45%. The reliability of this method was also confirmed from the comity of the following expected to-dos (Khan et al, 2006).There are a few interferences that energy attain the results. First, the interference was due to the diketogulonic acid. At higher pH, destructive oxidation hydrolysis might occur. This results in the opening of the lactone ring of th e ascorbic acid and loose the vitamin activity. These processes are naturally occurred in fruits and some standards of diketogulonic acid are presence in the fruits. Besides that, diketogulonic acid has keto group that might form osazone when react with DNPH. Hence, there is a chance of error in this method which may puddle counterfeit results (Khan et al, 2006).An different interference was due to the extracted glucose which contains similar structure the like vitamin C. Therefore, some of the glucose may be extracted in the meta-phosphoric acid during the extraction of ascorbic acid from sample. Glucose may also cause the formation of colored complex with DNPH and gives the false result in the determination of vitamin C. This was proven in Figure 8 where there is no absorption peak around the interested peak at 521nm (Khan et al, 2006).As conclusion, the method is simple and excellent for the determination of total vitamin C in fruits and vegetables (Khan, Rahman, Islam and Be gum, 2006).Fluorometric MethodFluorometric analysis has been used for ascorbic acid hitch in pharmaceutical preparations, beverages, special dietary foods and even for human blood serum (Arya, Mahajan and Jain, 2000). This method had been reported to have successful application to a wide range of foodstuffs, including liver, milk, angelical and canned fruit, raw and cooked vegetables, and potato powder (Ball, 2006). Previously, fluorometric determinations of vitamin C have been developed based on condensation reactions of vitamin C with o-phenylenediamine and on the oxidation with mercury (II) of vitamin C to form quinoxaline derivative. The reaction products of these methods exhibit fluorescensce (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005).Figure 9 shows the reaction of the dehydroascorbic acid with 1,2-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride to form the fluorescent quinoxaline derivative 3(1,2dihydroxyethyl) furol3,4-bquinoxaline-1-one. The blank can be prepared by complexing the oxidized vitamin with bo ric acid to prevent the formation of the quinoxaline derivative. It is used to reveal any fluorescence due to fussy substances (Ball, 2006).Yusuf and Gurel have described a method by using methylene radical Blue (MB) for the determination of vitamin C. This experiment was run by using a spectrofluorimeter to record the spectra and carry out fluorescence measurements. This method was used to determine the amount of vitamin C in the purified materials, specifically vitamin C tablets. MB is a ingredient of thiazine dye group. It is widely used in many different areas. For example, a photo sensitizer is used to produce singlet oxygen in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cancer. The highly colored oxidized form of MB can be reduced to be colorless leuco form, Leuco-Methylene Blue (LMB) which is shown in Figure 10. LMB is the reduced and colorless form of methylene blue (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). match to Yusuf and Gurel, the fluorescence bands of MB were obtained at 664nm for ex citation state and 682nm for dismissal peaks. This was proven by the other researchers who also construed the emission bands at 682nm for MB and 452nm for LMB. In Figure 11, the emission peak of MB at 682nm increased due to the increase of its concentration. A linear relationship between MB concentration and intensity was obtained over the concentration range of mol L-1 MB (y= 49.082x + 94.46,r2=0.9969). The excitation peak of MB at 664 nm also linearly increased depending on the increase of its concentration (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005).The studies of the effect of vitamin C on the fluorescence of MB is made to revoke any errors that might affect the accuracy of the results. In order to examine the effect of vitamin C on the fluorescence of MB at 664 nm, mol L-1 MB solutions, each solution was added with different concentration of vitamin C and were prepared under nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. This was shown in Figure 12 where the spectra were recorded at 664nm (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005).Fi gure 12 above shows the excitation intensity of mol L-1 without adding vitamin C was about 1000.0 and above. The intensity was decreased by the increase of vitamin C concentration in MB solutions (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005).Figure 13 shows the emission spectrum of mol L-1 MB as a function of time. Each spectrum was recorded at 1 minute intervals. The results showed that the fluorescence was not changed with time, reflecting that the fluorescence spectrum of MB was highly stable with time (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005).In the oxidation-reduction reaction between ascorbic acid and MB, the ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, while MB was reduced to colorless LMB as shown in the followingThe calibration curve was made based on the concentration of MB (mol L-1). The results indicate that the fluorescence intensity of the system is a linear function of vitamin C concentration in the range of mol L-1 and the regression coefficient is 0.9941 as shown in Figure 15 (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005) .Table 1 below shows the tolerance towards different compounds that might cause interferences in this method. These compounds are usually present in most vitamin C tablets. The experimental results showed that the presence of hundred-fold excess of the all contaminant compounds and twenty-fold excess of citric acid did not significantly influence the determination of vitamin C using this method. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no major interference caused by these compounds (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). So it is manageable to use this method for direct determination of vitamin C in pharmaceuticals without separating the interfering materials.Table 2 lists the results obtained by the proposed method with triiodide method. It can be clearly seen that the results are in good apprehension with the triiodide method (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005).Thus, the proposed method provides a simple and sensitive fluorimetric procedure by using MB for the determination of vitamin C. This experim ent also shows that MB could be used for fluorimetric determination of vitamin C in vitamin C tablets although it has only somewhat fluorescence property compared to LMB. Therefore, as conclusion, it can be explained that the fluorescence intensity of MB was more sensitive to determine vitamin C concentration (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005).Stability of Vitamin C in Orange JuiceVitamin C is very susceptible to chemical and enzymatic oxidation during the processing, storage, and cooking of food. The catalyzed oxidation pathway of vitamin C degradation is the most important reaction pathway for the loss of vitamin C in foods. Therefore, vitamin C of chromaticness juice is readily oxidized and lost during staying of the juice (Ball, 2006). On the other hand, there are several factors that will also affect the constancy of vitamin C in orangish tree juice. The factors are such as the effect of vitamin E, pH, and parameters which include air, heat, water as well as extended storage and ov ercooking (Kabasakalis, Siopidou, and Moshatou, 2000). consort to Ball, a meta-oxygen-ascorbate complex is formed in the presence of molecular oxygen and trace amounts of transition metal which particularly are copper (II) and iron (III). This complex contains a resonance form of a diradical that rapidly decompose to give the ascorbate radical anion, the original metal ion, and hydrogen peroxide. This radical anion will in turn reacts with the oxygen to give dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA). For anaerobic pathway of vitamin C which occurs in the absence of free oxygen, the degradation is caused by the formation of diketogulconic acid. As the rate of degradation is maximum at pH 3 to pH 4, therefore this pathway is mostly liable for anaerobic loss of vitamin C in canned grapefruit and orangish juices (Ball, 2006). feat of vitamin E on the constancy of vitamin C in chromatic juiceVitamin E is a fat soluble antioxidant that has quatern tocopherols and four tocotrienols. In nature, thes e four tocopherols and four corresponding tocotrienols are designated as alpha-(?), beta-(?), gamma-(?) and delta-(?) harmonise to the number and position of methyl substituent in chromonal ring (Ball, 2006).The vitamin E functions as a biological antioxidant by protecting the vital phospholipids in cellular and subcellular membranes from peroxidative degeneration. Vitamin E mostly accumulates in body which are liver and pancreas. alone unlike vitamins A and D, vitamin E is essentially nontoxic (Ball, 2006).Nagymate and Fodor (2008) have designed a method to study the effect of vitamin E on the stability of vitamin C. In this experiment, vitamin E production line solution was prepared by breakup ?-tocopherol in absolute ethanol. The orange juice which contained vitamin E and vitamin C was used as sample. The storage temperature of the vials was 4C and they were covered with aluminium endanger to prevent the effect of sunlight. Besides, two different temperatures were used to e xamine the effect of vitamin E at that temperature which half of the samples were stored at 20C. On the other hand, the additive effect of these vitamins was also examined but only cool samples (4C) were used for this experiment. Two samples were prepared which one contained vitamin E stock solution and vitamin C stock solution while another contained only vitamin C stock solution. The samples were analysed once a week for five weeks (Nagymate and Fodor, 2008).The results of the stability of vitamin C show that the presence of vitamin E influenced the decay of vitamin C. Figure 17 shows that there were differences between samples with or without vitamin E. From figure 17, it can be clearly seen that the concentration of vitamin C without vitamin E fell down to 1.2mg/L on the second day. However, in the presence of both vitamins, the decay was also observed, but it was lesser. The concentration of vitamin C in the orange juice with vitamin E was 13mg/L in the ordinal week.As a resul t, it seems that vitamin E stabilized vitamin C in orange juice at a determined concentration. This is because vitamin E delay the oxidation of vitamin C thus, enhances the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. The combination of vitamin C with vitamin E makes the orange juice more stable and slower the degradation of orange juice. This concluded that orange juice with vitamin E addition is a good way to preserve the vitamin C content during storage (Nagymate and Fodor, 2008).Effect of temperature on the stability of vitamin C in orange juiceVitamin C of fruit juice is readily oxidized and lost depends on the conditions of storage. There are studies about the determination of the amounts of vitamin C content in fruit juices under different storage conditions. Kabasakalis, Sipadou and Moshatou had done an experiment to determine the rate loss of vitamin C with respect to time and temperature of storage. A long and short-life technical orange juice 100% without preservatives and f resh orange juice were used for analysis. In this experiment, the days before the deprivation date were recorded in Table 3 and Table 4 to observe the loss of vitamin C in short-life and long-life orange juice 100% as the expiration date was approached (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000).Table 5 shows the loss of vitamin C from fresh and long-life commercial orange juice 100% during a 31 days period, with measurements made every 1 to 3 days. The samples were refrigerated into containers which after the sign measurement remained either open or with closed cap until the bordering measurement. Based on the results shown in table 5, the magnitude of vitamin C did not differ significantly between open and closed cap for both juices. The commercial orange juice lost higher amounts of vitamin C compared with fresh orange juice. As reported, decreases of vitamin C upon storage did not correspond to increases of dehydroascorbic acid levels. In fact, there was an increase of dehydoa scorbic acid levels in sterileally packaged orange juices. This means that the overall nutritional quality of orange juices is affected upon storage (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000).The loss of the vitamin C in a commercial long-life orange juice 100% stored in refrigerator and non-refrigerated for a period of 10 days in open containers were shown in Figure 18 (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000).According to Figure 18, non-refrigerated samples show higher percentage loss of vitamin C as compared to refrigerated samples. This is because the dehydoascorbic acid, the oxidized form of ascorbic acid was more stable at lower temperatures. Thus, the vitamin C, in the form of dehydroascorbic acid for refrigerated orange juice was well retained than non-refrigerated orange juice (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000).Effect of hydrogen peroxide on the stability of orange juiceHydrogen peroxide, H2O2 is the primary chemical for sterilization of plastic packaging material used in sterile system. Aseptic packaging technology is widely used by fruit juice industry for the production of shelf-life stable fruit juices. A forage and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation currently limits the residual of H2O2 to 0.5ppm, leached into di whitewashed water, in consummate food packages which stated in Code of Federal Regulations, 2000. However, during the sterilization of aseptic chambers or packaging material with H2O2, some residues will still be left on the packaging material or vapors generated during drying may get trapped inside the package upon sealing. These residues will hence cause the degradation of vitamin C (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004).An experiment was proposed by Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu to determine the place of vitamin C degradation in orange juice with or without addition of H2O2 at various storage temperatures. In this experiment, the orange juice sample was thawed at room temperature and sodium benzoate was added to prevent spo ilage. The degradation studies were done at H2O2 with 0.5ppm concentration at 20C, 30C and 40C respectively. At regular time intervals, samples were removed from the water tub or incubator (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004). Then, the predetermined amounts of diluted sodium hydroxide solution were added rapidly to the samples to halt the reaction between H2O2 and vitamin C. The samples were then rapidly cooled by plugging into an ice water bath and held at -30C until analyzed for vitamin C content. Vitamin C concentration was measured by using HPLC method. Qzkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu had modified the method by blending the orange juice sample with metaphosphoric acid. The sample was filtered through a membrane filter and was analyzed using HPLC (Shimadzu brand) (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004).Vitamin C contents of orange juice were plotted for various temperatures at 0.5ppm H2O2 concentration which is shown in Figure 19 below.From Figure 19, the results show that at higher tempera ture, the rate of vitamin C degradation also increased. The addition of 0.5ppm H2O2 did not greatly increase the degradation of vitamin C. However, raising H2O2 concentration from 0.5ppm to 5ppm resulted in a tremendous increase in degradation rates which was recorded in Table 6. At 0.5ppm H2O2, the antioxidant substances in orange juice which was flavonols reacted with H2O2, thereby preventing the autoxidation of vitamin C. The protective mechanism of flavanols was mainly due to chelation of metal ions and action of antioxidant. Flavanols function as antioxidants by donating the hydrogen ions to reactive free radicals which may otherwise cause the autoxidation of vitamin C (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004).Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu also studied the degradation of vitamin C in the absence of H2O2. In this case, the activation energy, Ea was taken into account to determine the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. The temperature dependence of the degradation of vitamin C in ora nge juice was compared by calculating Ea and temperature quotients (Q10) at 20 to 40C from the following comparabilityThese results clearly indicate that the rate of vitamin C degradation in the presence of H2O2 was slower at 30C to 40C than 20C to 30C. This indicates that at 30C to 40C, the least effect of temperature rise on vitamin C degradation. The results obtained for Ea shows that higher Ea in the presence of H2O2. This means that higher energy needed for the degradation of vitamin C. Therefore, the reaction time is slower and the degradation of vitamin C also slower. As conclusion, the effect of temperature on the degradation rates of vitamin C in orange juice was more pronounced at higher H2O2 concentrations. Therefore, greater vitamin C losses should be expected as residual H2O2 concentration and storage temperature increase in aseptically packaged fruit juices (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004).Effect of pH on the stability of vitamin CpH is a measure of acidity or basic ity of a solution. pH is one of the primary factor that would affects the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. Hence, the pH value of the matrix has an influence on the stability of vitamin C. According to FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements, Bangkok, Thailand, 1998, the vitamin C will decay if the pH higher than 4 (Nagymate and Fodor, 2008).Vitamin C is unstable in neutral and alkaline environments, therefore the higher the pH value and the time-consuming the exposure, the greater the loss of vitamin C. This is because the higher the pH value, the faster the oxidation reaction of vitamin C and causes the degradation of vitamin C. Besides that, the increase in pH also related to downslope of fruit characteristic which in this literature review, orange juice is more concerned. Table 8 below shows the pH value of the fruit juice with storage time (Ajibola, Babatunde and Suleiman, 2009).In this Table 8, the pH values of the orange juice were highe r at room temperature and keep increasing from week to week. This study concluded that, though pH was significant for the stability of vitamin C, it was not the sole factor in controlling the deterioration of vitamin C in orange juice with storage life (Ajibola, Babatunde and Suleiman, 2009). On the other hand, the loss of vitamin C activity during oxidative degradation of vitamin C occurs with the hydrolysis of the dehydroascorbic acid lactone to yield 2,3-diketogulonic acid. This hydrolysis is favored by alkaline solution. Dehydroascorbic acid is most stable at pH 5.5 but decrease in stability as pH increases which is more than pH 5.5 (Fennmena, 1996). For example, half-time values of dehydroasorbic acid hydrolysis at 23C were 100 and 230 minutes at pH 7.2 and pH 6.6 respectively as shown in Figure 20. At pH 5.0 or below, dehydroascorbic acid was quite stable which decayed by less than 3% over 4 hours. This experiment evaluated the effect of hydrogen ion concentration on delactoni zation of dehyroascorbic acid over the range of pH 3.0 to pH 8.0. The possible influence of the presence of oxygen was done by equilibrating the reaction medley before and during the incubation with 100% oxygen or with 100% nitrogen. The results indicated no change in the decay rate of dehydoascorbic acid was obvious with these alterations of atmospheric conditions. The rate of dehydroascorbic acid hydrolysis markedly increases with increasing temperature but was unaffected by the presence of oxygen (Bode, Cunningham and Rose, 1990).Other researchers had proposed a method to determine the effect of pH on the degradation of vitamin C in orange j

Emergenetics in the Work Place

Emergenetics in the Work PlaceIntroductionEmergenetics is a modern psychometric assessment peckerwood based on the brain. It is apply to highlight how an mortal(a) thinks and be founders (Browning, 2005). This ray of light provides an understanding of how slew live, dally, communicate and move with unmatched another(prenominal). in that location are several emergenetics indites generated for various purposes. Some are meant to tally the leadership achievements of individuals or the lineament of conduct of different tidy sum at work. This physical composition seeks to highlight the history and background of emergenetics, as wellhead as the benefits of this rooster for relationships at the workplace.The History and Background of EmergeneticsEmergenetics is based on research that indicates that individuals have inborn traits that educate them be and think in a certain(prenominal) way (Williams, Browning, 2010). However, these traits are modified and shaped as peop le interact with their surroundings. Personal experiences and genetics combine to mould a commonly accept pattern of personality traits.There are seven sets of attributes as set forth by Emergenetics, and each of these has a fantastic colour code. Of these, quaternity slipway describe slipway of thinking, and three describe ways of behaving (Williams, Browning, 2010). The four ways of thinking are analytical preferences ( represent by blue), structural preferences (represented by green), brotherly preferences (represented by red) and conceptual preferences (represented by yellow). The behavioural attributes are all represented by the purple. These are expressiveness behaviour, assertiveness behaviour and flexibility behaviour (Williams, Browning, 2010). cultivation of the Emergenetics inditeWhen developing the Emergenetics profile instrument, a number of constituents were shell outed. The first factor is the underlying theory, which proposes that an individual has a com bination of genetic tendencies (Hunter, 2010). These are tendencies that make one think and act in a certain way, and to act and think in a way that has been modified through socialization. This is from recent research that behaviour and way of thinking is influenced by genetics, which is referred to as nature, as well as the environment, which is referred to as nurture.Another important factor to consider when creating the profile is reliability. Every sieve developer is concerned about having a interrogative that reliably measures the construct it is supposed to measure. In a tribulation that is well designed, scores from one part of the test should correlate with scores from another part of the test, which is a demonstration of reliability. In the Emergenetics profile test, the statistical procedures utilise include item by item reliability, split-half reliability and a test/re-test reliability (Hunter, 2010).The item to item reliability is an internal measure to turn up ho w well each item correlates to the total score for that item. The split-half reliability is a measure of relationship among scores in different separate of the test (Hunter, 2010). The test/re-test reliability is a measure of how consistently an individual constructs their profile from one time to another.The other factor that was considered is rigour, and this refers to how well the test measures what it is supposed to measure. In the same way that there are many another(prenominal) types of reliability, there are many types of validity. One is face validity, which refers to whether the individual pickings the test considers it to be credible (Hunter, 2010). Having irrelevant questions in the test merchant ship make the person winning the test question its validity. If this happens, the person taking the test may provide unreliable answers. Questions on the Emergenetics Profile were create verbally to be relevant to daily events and behaviours.There is content validity, which refers to the adequacy of the Emergenetics tool to measure the behaviour it is designed to measure (Hunter, 2010). For instance, in a typewrite test, there is a relationship between a specific skill and what the test measures. This, however, is heavily dependent on feedback from people who have used the test. Many people that have taken the Emergenetics test agree that it accurately measures ways of thinking and behaviour.There is the measuring validity, which is a measure of correlational statistics of a persons scores in different areas of the test (Hunter, 2010). Quoting an example that was used earlier, a high score in a typing test could be used as a criterion to determine the general performance of that child or individual. However, since the Emergenetics Profile mover was not developed to measure performance in specific tasks or jobs, no information on criterion validity is available.The last type of validity that was considered is construct validity. A construct is defi ned as a deeply rooted mental characteristic. From this definition, construct validity refers to whether the Emergenetics tool measures the four ways of thinking preferences and three ways of behaviour (Hunter, 2010). This type of validity is determined using measures similar to those used to determine the reliability of the test.How Emergenetics gouge be used to Enhance Healthy Workplace RelationshipsAs was mentioned earlier, Emergenetics is a scientific tool that is used to help understand human behaviour and their way of thinking, which makes them approach work and life differently (Browning, 2005). This tool consists of an compendium of left-brain/right-brain, determining how people tend to behave, and this is what defines personality.When applied at the work place, the Emergenetics Profile will provide a true picture of bothone working in a given geological formation. The tool makes it easier to spot how every individual at the workplace thinks, behaves, and communicates, as well as their preferences (Browning, 2005). Other personal synopsis tools provide suggestions on how an individual washstandister change to meet the necessitate of the organization, but this tool takes a different approach. It esteems that every individual is incomparable and helps them stand out through their genetics by creating a profile that shows personal and professional implications (Browning, 2005). The tool focuses much on the strengths of an individual, meant to build on personal energy and passion. Once an individual identifies their strengths, they shadow hence produce ways to make these work for them at the workplace.When applied at the workplace, this tool full treatment by exposing cognitive preferences of an individual, by highlighting their distinct, brain-based strengths (Browning, 2005). With such an understanding, people can build better working relationships especially when working as a group on something. The tool in addition works by tapping in to an individuals uniqueness, distinctive work and learning preferences. The tool helps individuals to happen their innate strengths, shaping ways of how people should go about their work because it highlights where their strengths lie (Browning, 2005).The Emergenetics Profile provides a blueprint for managers at the workplace to take away everyone through methods and strategies that encourage appreciation and collaboration. While taking this approach, it becomes easier to identify people who have leadership skills. When such people are identified in good time, their strengths are assessed fully and skills are developed in a relatively short amount of time (Browning, 2005). These strategies work together to awaken individuals to perform even better at the workplace.When the Emergenetics tool is applied, as exposit above, the organization is better positioned to meet its strategic objectives and remnants. Further, people working in such an organization can communicate effectively with the leaders or managers and with each other (Browning, 2005). The organization also enjoys high retention of employees because it can assign responsibilities and duties in accordance with the strengths of an individual. When the management of an organization understands how employees behave and think, they can develop a cohesive organizational culture based on the Emergenetics insight, through an informed perspective based on personal experiences (Browning, 2005).Benefits of Emergenetics in terms of Relationships at the WorkplaceEmergenetics is an efficient tool because it integrates everything in an organization. It contributes to goal setting, trust building, communication enhancement and team initiatives (OConnell, 2012b). It makes an impact on everyone in the organization, because it provides a basis for everyone to shine in their unique way. Anyone who takes the Emergenetics test becomes more witting of themselves, their colleagues, and their leaders, managers, and super visors. This kind of awareness is a basic requirement for breeding good working relationships. When such a person is working in a team environment, they are more effective and more fanciful in their strong areas.Emergenetics serves as a foundational element upon which an organization can facilitate its dynamics to build a talent-rich organization (OConnell, 2012b). This happens because it helps people identify their strengths and ways to make the best use of them. It also improves communication and productivity at the workplace. Since the tool appreciates the uniqueness of each employee, employees can apply unique approaches to complete their duties and responsibilities, and the result of this will be high competencies.Case reading Emergenetics at ACSAEmergenetics is a tool that the Albemarle County Service Authority (ACSA) uses on a daily basis as a foundation for common wrangle and perspective, which has helped the organization to become more cohesive and successful in its pr eparation of services (OConnell, 2012b). The ACSA, Charlottesville, Virginia, now enjoys better communication among its employees, and between employees and management (OConnell, 2012a). This is one of the tools that the organization has invested in. All of its employees are trained on the basics of Emergenetics, freehand them the opportunity to explore the tool at a personal level, and then at an organizational level (OConnell, 2012b).The tool is used in team building across departments in the organization. This has enhanced productivity in the organization because the tool aligns the strengths of each team to team and organizational goal. The organization also uses the tool to foster good relationships at the workplace, since all employees are aware of their personalities and strengths (OConnell, 2012b). Being self-aware, employees are more open to understanding their colleagues and leaders, and this fosters good relationships between them. Emergenetics has also provided a lens f or all employees in the organization to appreciate the uniqueness of their roles in the teams they work in, and to the organization as a whole. conclusionEmergenetics is a powerful tool that can be applied to every organization to improve work-relationships between employees and their leaders, as well as among employees. Its emolument starts with the kind of awareness that the tool brings to the workplace. The tool also leads to a form of satisfaction and motivation, because every employee feels that they are appreciated for what they can do. Emergenetics also works well to maintain effective communication within the work place.ReferencesBrowning, Geil. (2005). Emergenetics rap music into the refreshful Science of Success. New YorkHarper Business.Hunter, Gordon. (2010). Strategic Information systems Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, andApplications. Hershey IGI spherical Snippet.OConnell, Gary. (2012a). Albemarle County Service Authority, Charlottesville, Virginia.Albemarle Count y Service Authority, pp. 1-8.OConnell, Gary. (2012b). Welcome to Emergenetics- A New Science-Based Learning tool forIndividuals, Teams, and Organizations. Emergenetics International. Retrieved from http//icma.org/en/Article/102036/Welcome_to_Emergenetics_a_new_science_based_learning_tool_for_individuals_teams_and_organizationsWilliams, Wendell, Browning Geil. (2010). Origins and Discussion of EmergeneticsResearch. Emergenetics Research. Retrieved from https//www.emergenetics.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Origins-and-Discussion-of-Emergenetics-Research.pdf

Stanislavskis method of acting

Stanislavskis mode of performingKonstantin Stanislavski, (born Konstantin Alekseyev, and some sequences spelt Constantin Stanislavsky), was 14 years middle-aged when he scratch line crash foot on the stage that his pargonnts own in 1877. His factualise love of the theatre blossomed end-to-end his life, leading him to become i of the worlds closely influential theatre practiti mavenrs to date. His work in the field of histrionics relation proficiencys made him a ho economic consumptionhold name for looseness students worldwide. He published some potencys and guides designed to give drama students an insight into actu every exsert(predicate)yism, including An pretender Prep atomic image 18s and Building a Character, which bug outline various famous statement methods designed to every(prenominal)ow an promoter to fully relate to their feature, to the point that they ar non just pretending to be them, but actually living their lives. He argued that the pseud o should Love the wile in yourself, not yourself in the art 1, looking for the perception inside themselves as opposed to the words in the leger.Stanislavskis pioneering vision for the theatre was that fibers should be believ equal, and the plot line should focus on the whole tone portrayed, engaging the interview by means of means such as empathy. He argued that anything put frontwards on the stage should be an accurate bet of solid life, a vox populi which derived from his distaste for the melodramatic theatre he had grown up with. However, Stanislavski is one of several(prenominal)(prenominal) famous theatre practitioners, all with a completely opposite c oncept of what theatre should be. For example, Bertolt Brecht put forward the theory of Epic Theatre, which taught that the sense of hearing should al bearings be alienated from the meet onstage, unable to identify with the characters, but rather being left with questions to bespeak themselves. He opined the r eference couldnt possibly empathise with the characters onstage beca custom thither were so many individual differences in society itself- society cannot sh ar a common communication form so long as it is teardrop into warring factions (Brecht, 1949, paragraph 552). Brecht wanted the consultation to leave the theatre debating their morals. some separate p peace of mindigious theatrical practitioner is Antonin Artaud, who argued that any surgery should deeply continue the audience. In say to achieve this, he used non-naturalistic lighting and laborious to piss a disturbing atmosphere. Artaud wished his audience to leave the theatre having changed within themselves. With three such different aims from severally practitioner, it is difficult to be current whether any of them had a charactericularly valid point. All three theories are widely respected, but individually contrasts and challenges the next, signification that, in order to believe in one of them, you essen tial rule out the others as valid.These distant theories became the beginning of the principal(prenominal) cerebrations behind this project. I wanted to know whether thither was a solid way to prove whether Stanislavskis theories are impinge onive to the audience in terms of creating a much trulyistic mathematical operation than one with normal rehearsal, or indeed rehearsal methods acquire by mental actd by other practitioners. To be able to determine this, I needed to conduct deeper look for into Stanislavskis system.The system itself is deep and intricately detailed, with many different aspects as to what Stanislavski considered a reasoned performance. However, some points are evidently to a greater extent than significant to him than others. According to the online cyclopaedia Britannia 3, the main features are presumptuousness mickle and the delusion If, and feelingal Memory. Units and verifiables is as well as a major feature of the system, so these are the three aspects I chose to refine my research to in order to appoint a offend understanding of Stanislavskis method of performing. habituated Circumstances and the Magic IfStanislavski said that what is more or less-valuable to me is not the truth outside myself, but the truth within myself 4, meaning that anything put forward on the stage essential be adjust up. He recognised this vagary was a potential issue because all playacting is, essentially, a lie. He therefore said that all shams should be as true to themselves as they can maculation playing a part. The opinion behind Given Circumstances is that actors accept that, with the book of account of a play, they are attached a set of circumstances which they must adhere to in order to create the storyline. Given circumstances can relate to both(prenominal) the character or the play itself, and they include things like characters age, gender, social shape, and the plays time menses, setting and social/historical/po litical implications. In order for an actor to give a true performance, Stanislavski put a massive idiom on the importance of research into the given time period or situation so that the performer would truly understand their role. He taught that the research needs to be completed until an actor can fully skeletal system out his character, and answer any questions given to them near their characters parentage, childhood, and life til nowts, pull subject if these arent mentioned in the script. Once the Given Circumstances had been reliableised, Stanislavski suggested that the actors utilised a connect aspect of his theory, called the Magic If, in order to deal with them. The Magic If is a technique where the actor asks himself given the circumstances already decided by the playw beneficial, if I was this character, and I was in this situation, how would I react?. In his book An impostor Prepares, Stanislavski talked nearly the professor victimization the example of pretendi ng to be a tree. Say to yourself I am I but if I were an old oak tree, set in certain surrounding conditions, what would I do? and decide where you are in whatever place affects you most (Stanislavski, 1937, p655). Stanislavski asked that his students allow their imaginations to flourish with techniques such as Given Circumstances and the Magic If, to construct deeper, more realistic performances.Emotional Memory other(prenominal) technique which was born from Stanislavskis belief that acting must be real is Emotional Memory, sometimes known as Affective Memory. Shelley Winters, an example of a famous actress with ultimate belief in the Stanislavski System, said that as an actor you must be willing to act with your scars 6, or in laymans terms, be willing to allow your inner emotions and past experiences to show through. This is essentially the main terms of Emotional Memory, which requires the actor to draw on previous in the material body(predicate) experiences which resulted i n a similar emotion to which their character is experiencing. Once the actor has identified the experience, they are encourage to allow the emotion they felt up once again take over their mind and body, reinstating the context and mind-set until the emotion is real. The emotion must and then(prenominal) seamlessly be utilise to the script or character, as Stanislavski felt this would make the performance more believable because the emotion is true to the actor. Peter Oyston, baseing Dean of Drama at the square-toed College of the Arts and regular t all(prenominal)er/director at the Royal honorary society of Dramatic Art in capital of the United Kingdom, created a rehearsal method itemally designed to enhance the feelings from memories. He published this, and other methods referring to Stanislavskian techniques, in a DVD documentary called How to use the Stanislavski System (2004). The Emotional Memory component part can be viewed on YouTube 7, and teaches the student to rem ember a time when they own(prenominal)ly felt an emotion which shadows or parallels that required from the text. They are encouraged to talk about the situation they are remembering out loud, until the emotion takes over their minds and bodies. Then, they must seamlessly transfer their speech from their own recollections to the script given to them, transferring the emotions at the uniform time.Units and ObjectivesOne of the most prominent aspects of Stanislavskis method is his idea that any character in any play has a Super-Objective throughout the action an aim or driving force which sustains throughout the play. Stanislavski taught that this Super-Objective must stay in each actors mind throughout their rehearsal and performance, and that even though it may not be stated, or even obvious, they must take it upon themselves to research and discover it. Once this has been accomplished, he felt that the script could then be furrowed down into littler Objectives, which would change several times throughout the mend as the plot deepened. severally Objective must be a verb, in order to be an brisk objective. He asked actors to pause their script into Units and Objectives. Most patchs of drama are split by the playwright into a series of strokes and acts, allowing the action to move in time or setting, but Stanislavski found that an objective could run through and overlap into different scenes, or change very suddenly in the middle of an act. He therefore introduced the concept of Units, which are another way of dividing up a play- each unit should contain one objective. The draw above outlines the intricate detail of the aspects of Units, Objectives, and Super-Objectives. The Throughline of Action is the aim in a characters mind throughout the entirety of the play, which culminates in the Super-Objective. Mean plot of land, each character has several different Objectives which are split amid the Units the actors devised for the script. These Objectives can take the character to many different places, but their Super-Objective will always remain the same.Furthermore, the Objectives themselves are equally as detailed. Stanislavski said that each Objective could be broken down into the Aim, the Obstacle and the Action. The aim is what the character is trying to achieve in that particular unit. The obstacle is something which embarrasss or restricts them from fulfilling their aim, and the action is the steps the character takes in order to avoid or overcome the obstacle.Stanislavski accepted that it is undoable for a play to achieve a smooth finish where objectives are concerned because often, the action takes place off stage. The characters come and go, and the time changes, so we as an audience cannot witness the whole story. Stanislavski said that in order to overcome this, actors must always be consciously aware of their Super-Objective.A familiar example of this aspect of the Stanislavskian Theory is Shakespeares story of Romeo and Juliet. Romeos Super-Objective is to experience true love. He begins the play with the objective of conjoining Rosaline, and this continues to be his objective until the Unit shifts at the Capulet party. Here, Romeos objective becomes to find out more about Juliet, and later becomes to marry her. Towards the end of the party, however, Romeo speaks with Juliets nurse, who tells him that her mother is the Lady of the house -that Juliet is a Capulet(Shakespeare, 1973, p. 910 8). This provides the obstacle, since Romeos family, the Montagues, have an antiquated dispute with the Capulets. Romeo then takes on a new-sprung(prenominal) action, which is to overcome the feud between the families, even if it means the couple have to lie about it. Romeo doesnt manage to fully achieve his Super-Objective, because he never experiences the simplicity of love he was looking for- both he and Juliet have to die in order to truly be together.Of all the aspects of Stanislavskis method, these t hree prove to be the most popular among neo daytime performers.Having researched the key aspects of Stanislavskis system, I devised a way to be able to assess the soundness of them on a live performance by young actors, as this would allow me to establish whether the method does in fact help to produce a more believable performance. I decided to conduct an experiment into the effectiveness of Stanislavskis system. I decided to utilise my contacts at a local youth drama congregation, which is made up of young actors and actresses aged between 11 and 17 years old. In order for the experiment to be a picturesque test, I determined to split them equally into twain collections, and give each conclave the same scenario to work with. I planned to leave meeting one, the mildew group, to rehearse to their own methods, enchantment conducting group devils rehearsal processes myself, natural endowment them tasks similar to those set by Stanislavski to his own pupils. After the gr oups had had the same period of time to rehearse, I wanted to invite an audience to watch their performances. The audience were to be given a questionnaire after the performances, asking which groups interpretation of the scenario they found more convincing and realistic. I intended to film both sets of rehearsal processes in order to put together a before long documentary. The results of the audience questionnaire were intended to ascertain whether Stanislavskis rehearsal methods have a real capture on devising modern day performance more realistic.In order for this experiment to work, I firstly had to create an idea. Originally, I devised a script which revolved around the issue of teenage pregnancy, which is a emergence concern in todays society. The script included four gender specific characters, and I intended to have both groups perform the same piece one using Stanislavskis techniques, and the others using generic rehearsal processes. Having written the short play, and t alked briefly to the children at the theatre, it became apparent that there was more interest in the workshop than I had expected. Another problem with using a script would have been that the audience would have watched the same piece twice, and would be comparison the actors individual performances as opposed to the believability of the pieces. Since it would have been un bazar of me to protrude the roles, I instead decided to take a different approach in order to include everyone. I devised a scenario, again base around a teenage pregnancy, that each group would be able to use as the core of their piece of drama. They would then devise the rest of their plays alone. This meant that each group could incorporate a flexible amount of participants, and ensured two unique, original performances.With my idea in mind, I next needed to devise some Stanislavski-based rehearsal techniques for my group to use during their preparation for the achievement. Keeping the themes of Given Circ umstances and the Magic If, Emotional Memory, and Units and Objectives in mind, I devised three rehearsal techniques specifically tailored to Stanislavskis ideals. With these techniques devised, I had to actually carry out the rehearsal and performances. In order to do this, I would need a space, two groups of actors, a party of responsible adults with CRB checks and an audience. I contacted the chairman of the theatre and book myself a studio performance room for Saturday the 3rd of April. I then sent out letters to the actors involved with the Nonentities Youth Theatre. The letters describe the project and the experimental side of the day, offered the chance to look at the proficient side of theatre, and asked for a response. I received 18 positive responses back, which was many more than the original 12 participants I had in mind, making the scenario idea far more usable. I then had to split the actors into two different groups, a control group, who would direct themselves, and the experimental group, who I would direct using Stanislavskis methods. The groups needed to be equally weighted with talent, as it was important to make this experiment as fair as possible by not allowing acting ability to throw it. I therefore split the actors into groups myself, aiming to equaliser the ages in each group spot placing responsible actors I could presumption to work independently in the control group, and actors open to co-operation and willing to get wind in the Stanislavski group. The Independent uncertain of this study was whether Stanislavskis methods were applied to rehearsals, and the Dependant Variable was whether the performance was more believable based on the rehearsal method used. My hypothesis was The techniques used in rehearsal will have an affect on the performance given. I experienced my first problem of the day when the actors arrived in the morning. Shortly before the workshop was to take place, a letter had been sent to all members of the yo uth theatre outlining the need for a new leader and the cancellation of sessions until another letter was sent out. It became apparent that many of the actors who had wished to be a part of the workshop had assumed that it, too, was cancelled, so the final number of actors I had to work with was just 10. Although I had to adjust the group list, the smaller number of participants made the day as a whole more intimate, and the group sizes more manageable, so I feel it was a just circumstance. Once everybody had signed in, I conducted a brief warm-up, asking all members to think of the way different characters moved and spoke in real life, asking them to act believably, not just as caricatures. I then split up the actors into groups, and chose the two girls who I felt would be most capable of acting the part of the pregnant teenager. I asked both groups to create a piece of drama focussing around the pregnancy that would last between 10 and 15 minutes, and I gave each group a list of criteria that they must adhere to, including aspects such as using the young members in the young roles, including a number of monologues from different characters, and that they must create verbally down the decisions made in early rehearsal. I told the control group that they were allowed to use music, and dramatic techniques such as physical theatre and forget frames, while the Stanislavski group had to endeavour to make their characters and circumstances applicable to real life, and were told not to use out-of-place techniques like freeze framing. The video was set to go into as the groups split up into two different rooms, and I allowed the control group to keep to themselves for the absolute majority of the day, while I worked with the Stanislavski group, asking them to use my previously-prepared rehearsal techniques.The first technique I gave them was designed to support Given Circumstances and the Magic If. I asked each group to use the first stages of rehearsal to cr eate mind-maps around the pieces of drama. Whilst the control groups map outlined the storyline, the Stanislavski group were asked to spend an hour and a one-half fleshing out their characters, and the relationships and links between them. They gave each character a name and an age, they wrote about their beliefs and opinions, and decided upon how their characters met. Each actor developed a detailed history for their character, pulling from somebodyal experience and their imaginations to create steady backgrounds. These are aspects relating to Given Circumstances and the Magic If because they invite the participants to firstly realise the Circumstances the script gives them, and secondly to flesh out their characterisition by putting their characters in different situations through use of the Magic If.The second technique I devised related to Emotion Memory. I used this technique when working with the actress playing the pregnant girl. We applied it to the scene in which she is tol d that the test is positive. I asked her to think about a time when she felt lost, and perhaps didnt have anybody she could talk to about it because nothing had been in that position before her. She talked of a time when her parents were going through a messy divorce, and she felt cut of from the both of them. She spoke openly and freely, and answered my questions honestly. As time went by, she was gaunt further and further into her memory and the emotions that were interpret at that time, so that when I finally asked her to begin talking from her characters perspective, her acting became real. She didnt need to fake the tears, because she was filled with the emotion her character was filled with.The trine technique was designed to compliment Units and Objectives. Once the actors had created their storyline, I asked them to divide it up into scenes, so that it was as close to a normal scripted piece of drama as possible. We talked about each of their characters, and what their S uper-Objectives would be. The actors decided upon everyones objectives as a group, which brought a deeper level of understanding to the piece. They decided that the buzz offs Super-Objective would be to protect his children, while Rosie, the pregnant daughter, aimed to face her future head on. I then asked each actor to divide up the play into their own Units, focussing on the shifts in emotion. This process proved difficult for the younger members of the group, so the group as a whole helped them to identify their Units. There proved a great variety in the amount of Units in the piece for each character while the pregnant girl had almost one per scene, the father had only two. Furthermore, the switch between Units for him came suddenly in the middle of his monologue, which was right at the end of the piece- before then his character had wanted the same thing throughout. I asked the group to physically improvise the scenes they had written about, and to stop the action when they en countered their obstacles. Once they had all found their obstacles, they were asked to continue acting while finding a way to overcome this obstacle- their action. I then asked them if they had notice the other actors actions in the scene, so that everybody was aware of the decisions their group was making.This in-depth workshop class on Units and Super-Objectives made the young actors aware and knowledgeable in the field, while withal allowing them to know their characters inside out by knowing what they want, and how they force go about achieving it.A couple of hours before the performances were scheduled to begin, I took marks on the rehearsal processes of both groups. The control group had included an all-knowing narrator who could stop the action and introduce new characters. The narrator sat in the middle of the piece throughout the majority of the action, until the final scene where he became an involved character. A narrator is generally used to create a sense of dramat ic irony, where the audience gain knowledge that the characters dont so far know. However, this type of narration is rarely set within the piece itself, more often a voice over or such like. It is to a fault unrealistic that the narrator, who is generally removed from and neutral to the action, suddenly become real life and jump into the scene. The group also used a split-screen technique to enable them to show two different apartments at the same time, which is effective to the audience but unrealistic, as while action is playing out in one space, the characters in the other must be frozen. This establishment of freeze-framing is difficult to hold for long periods of time, and does not occur in a genuine situation. Another technique they used was audience-participation, where one member of their take out sat in the audience until the final moments of the play, where she rose, walked across the stage, took out her sprightly and called the police. I concluded that the control gro up had included various aspects of performance which were designed to make the action more interesting to the audience, and add the portion of surprise, but were not designed to look or feel realistic. They had worn-out(a) only half an hour mind-mapping their decisions, and talked about their other decisions while physically rehearsing.The Stanislavski group spent an hour and a half developing their characters, and another hour developing their storyline, so they ended up with four A3 sheets of piece detailing their entire performance. They used only one location, the teenagers bedroom, so that there was never a set change needed, because it would interrupt the storyline and ward off the audience. The groups monologues were delivered to a person, as opposed to the audience, so that the barrier between the audience and the characters stayed strong. Had the actors been talking to the audience, their speeches would have seemed less realistic.After five hours of rehearsal, it was ti me for the final performances. Each actor had been asked to invite some family members or friends, and members of the theatre came on to go into too. Each audience also included the actors from the other group, making the final audience figure 19 members. I watched the performances, but didnt participate in the questionnaire, as I would have been predetermineed toward the Stanislavski group. I introduced the pieces, and talked about the work the actors had undertaken over the day. The audience werent told which group was the control group, and which group was the Stanislavski group, until both performances had finished, meaning that they couldnt be biased in favour of Stanislavski either. I also asked them to be open minded, and not answer the questionnaire in favour of the production their child was associated with, telling them they were judging my direction, not the individual actors talent. The audience watched the control group first, and were given time to fill out their qu estionnaires while we set up the stage for the Stanislavski group. After both performances had finished, I thanked everybody for taking part and collected in the questionnaires.Having extrapolated my results, it became apparent that there was a general feeling that the Stanislavski production was more believable. When asked was the main storyline believable, 66% of the audience thought that the control groups piece was a dramatised and exaggerated version of real life, while 95% thought that the Stanislavski groups piece could credibly happen in real life. Having worked extensively with the pregnant character from the Stanislavski group, I was pleased that 42% of the audience thought that she portrayed the pregnancy flawlessly, while a further 42% felt that she portrayed it very well, while in the control group, these percentages feature only reached 44%. I asked the audience to rate how believable they felt the overall performances were, and 56% rated the control groups performanc e at an 8/10 or higher, while 94% rated the Stanislavski performance at an 8/10 or higher. Overall, it is evident that the Stanislavski groups performance was more widely believed.It is important to note that the effectiveness of the performances given may not be entirely down to the methods of rehearsal used. Although I tried to make the experiment as fair as possible by attempting to make the rehearsal methods the only variable, other extraneous variables may have had an affect on the final results. For example, since there were fewer participants than planned, I had to shuffle the groups a little. This meant that the control group had two of the younger members in their piece, while the Stanislavski group had four older members. The younger members of the theatre are less experienced and therefore dont have as many creative ideas to bring to the mix. It is also apparent that almost half of the audience were family members of the younger actors, meaning that they are liable to vot e in favour of their childs piece as they are proud to see them on stage. Although I asked the audience to keep an open mind, they may have been bias towards their family or friends, and this is a factor which could have affected the final results.At the beginning of my project, I asked myself What is Stanislavskis Method of acting, and how far has it influenced modern day performance? Having undertaken a considerable amout of research on Stanislavski and his methods, it became easier for me to define them, and to easily denounce the difference between his teachings, and those of other practitioners. I found that Stanislavskis method of acting is largely based around the actors own interpretation of the character, aiming to keep the emotion real. I found that Stanislavski wanted the audience to connect with both the storyline and the characters, and he achieved this connection by keeping th acting real, thusly allowing the audience to connect empathetically. Having created an expe riment to see whether Stanislavski did indeed influence modern day performance, I found that the audience were effected by the group that used the Stanislavskian rehearsal techniques, so much so that one person wrote on the bottom of their questionnaire that their performance actually brought tears to my eyes. While researching, I came across a website 9 where Jeni Whittaker (1999) argues that Stanislavski is rightly called the father of modern theatre, his System of acting became the backbone of twentieth century theatre craft. Nearly all other practitioners use him as a starting point, either to build from or to react against. This substantiates my initial hypothesis that Stanislavski has a major influence on modern day theatre. In conclusion, I feel that Stanislavski has an extended influence on modern day theatre. Audiences of today wish not to be challenged or alienated, but to see characters they can relate to on the stage, and the majority of theatre today follows this teachi ng, whether the director realises he is adhering to Stanislavskis theory or otherwise. Furthermore, when ceremony two similar pieces of drama, it became apparent that the audience are more drawn towards that which used Stanislavskis rehearsal techniques because the characters and storyline were portrayed in a true to life manner. I found that Stanislavski is not only used in theatre, as many famous screen actors choose his methods when getting into character. I feel that the world is exposed to Stanislavskis teachings more than it realises, and therefore the influence of Stanislavski on modern day acting is significantly higher than I believed when I began the project.ReferencesSource unknown, Stanislavski.Brecht (1949). A Short Organum for the Theatre, paragraph 55.Encyclopdia Britannica (2010). Stanislavsky method. Encyclopdia Britannica Online Retrieved February 22, 2010, from http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/563178/Stanislavsky-methodSource unknown, Stanislavski.Stanisl avski (1937). An Actor Prepares, (reprinted 1988) United Kingdom Methuen Drama LTD.Harry Governick for TheatrGROUP. (1992). An Interview with Shelly Winters Retrieved February 22, 2010, from http//www.theatrgroup.com/ShelleyPeter Oyston, How to use the Stanislavski System DVD(2004). Retrieved (via YouTube) April 12, 2010, from http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmhggaEuJj8Shakespeare (1973). Romeo and Juliet, from The Complete Works of Shakespeare- The Alexander Text. London and Glasgow Collins.Jeni Whittaker for DramaWorks. Stanislavski through Practice (1999) Retrieved April 13, 2010, from http//www.dramaworks.co.uk/stanislavski.html

The impact of WTO in India

The impact of WTO in India intrusion of WTO on IndiaIndia is a fo low member of the common stipulation on responsibilitys and change over (GATT) 1947 and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO), which came into effect in 1995 after the conclusion of the Uruguay Round (UR) of Multilateral Trade Negotiations. Indias participation in an increasingly rule based system in the governance of secrete subject field sight is to ensure more stability and predictability, which ultimately would lead to more give birth appear and prosperity for itself and the 134 other nations which now comprise the WTO. India withal automatically avails of MFN and national treatment for its exports to all WTO Members. ministerial throngs of WTO The first Ministerial congregation held in 1996 in capital of Singapore saw the bafflement of pressures to enlarge the agenda of WTO. Pressures were generated to unwrap new Agreements on enthronization, Competition insurance, Transparency in presi dency procurement and Trade Facilitation. The concept of Core Labor Standards was as well sought to be introduced. India and the developing countries, who were already under the burden of fulfilling the commitments undertaken through the Uruguay Round Agreements, and who also perceived m slightly(prenominal) of the new issues to be non-trade issues, resisted the introduction of these new subjects into WTO. They were part successful. The Singapore Ministerial Conference (SMC) set up open end Work Program to study the relationship between Trade and investiture Trade and Competition Policy to conduct a study on Transparency in Government Procurement practices and do analytical forge on simplification of trade procedures (Trade Facilitation). Most importantly the SMC cl early on declared on the Trade- Labor linkage as follows We reject the use of dig up standards for protectionist purposes, and agree that the comparative advantage of countries, particularly low-wage developing countries, must in no way be put into question. In this regard we stock that the WTO and ILO Secretariat will continue their existing collaboration. The Second Ministerial Conference of WTO, held at Geneva in May 1998, established a process to prepare for the Third Ministerial Conference and to submit recommendations regarding the WTOs futurity stimulate program, which would enable Members to take decisions at the Third Ministerial Conference at Seattle. The Geneva Ministerial Conference (GMC) Declaration had identified the following issues for the General Councils work, paragraphs 9(a) to 9(b) of the Declaration Issues, including those brought forward by Members, relating to implementation of existing agreements and decisions The negotiations already lawd at Marrakesh (Agriculture and Services) and to ensure that such negotiations begin on schedule Mandated re kens already provided for under other existing agreements and decisions taken at Marrakesh Recommendations concerni ng other possible future work on the stern of the work program initiated at Singapore Ministerial Conference consisting of Trade and Investment Trade and Competition Policy Transparency in Government Procurement Trade Facilitation.Recommendations on the revaluation to the High-Level Meeting on Least-Developed countries Recommendations arising from consideration of other matters proposed and agreed to by Members concerning their multilateral trade relations. The third Ministerial Conference held in Seattle during thirtieth November-3rd December, 1999 was being looked up by galore(postnominal), specially in the developing countries, as a unveiling pad for a comprehensive examination round of negotiations. In the preparatory process in the General Council of the WTO (September 1998 to September 1999), new issues which were proposed for the negotiating agenda by some Members under paragraph 9(d) are as follows industrial Tariffs Global Electronic Commerce Trade and Labour Standards Trade and purlieu Coherence in the interaction of WTO and other international organizations. Outcome of the Seattle Ministerial Conference of WTO The Indian delegation to the Third Ministerial Conference of the WTO was guide by the Union Minister of Commerce Industry, Mr. Murasoli Maran. The delegation also include Members of Parliament, senior officials from different Ministries and re deferatives from the apex Chambers of commerce and industry. The Seattle Conference attracted considerable attention because of propositions by some countries to press for the launching of a comprehensive round of negotiations covering subjects as wide ranging as labour issues, viscidness in global economic architecture, agriculture etc. Even in advance the commencement of the Conference on that point were widespread protests and demonstrations in Seattle by a heel of anti-WTO groups ranging from environmental activists to labour unions. The inaugural session which was to be held in the fo renoon of 30th November, 1999 had to be aband angiotensin converting enzymed because of disturbances. The plenary which was to start in the afternoon on the same day had to be held under punishing police protection. The Chairmen of various Working companys tried to narrow down the differences in their respective groups with a view to arriving at a consensus in the lottery Ministerial text edition edition that had been transmitted from the Geneva preparatory process. However, in view of the wide divergence of views, no group could constitute draft texts for inclusion in the Ministerial declaration acceptable to all the members. As in that respect was no prospect of reaching a conclusion on a large number of issues, it was decided after consultation among key members that it would not be practicable to adopt any Ministerial declaration. The Chairperson of the Conference do only a brief statement on 3rd December followed by brief reports by the Chairmen of the various groups . The Chairperson discovered that divergences of opinion remained that would take time to be narrowed down. It was therefore, decided to avoid the work of the Seattle Ministerial Conference. temporary hookup the above constituted the overall outcome, the deliberations and consultations which took adjust on several of the important issues are briefly outlined on a lower floor subject-wise (these positions are indicative and not definitive since a number of delegations, including ourselves, made it clear that nothing was agreed until ein truththing was agreed). Implementation issues A good dole out of discussions took place on this subject in Seattle, further to the extensive consultations held in Geneva earlier. The Working conference Chairman (Canada) came up with a final proposal (similar to what was mooted by the Secretariat) that meant a few immediate decisions at Seattle and brass section of a special mechanism to examine and make recommendations within one year, and i n any case by the quaternary Ministerial Session, on other implementation issues. The Chairmans text also proposed negotiations in respect of Anti-Dumping and Subsidies Agreements. While India and most other countries were prepared to go along with the Chairmans text, the US had reservations and was differentiated to any negotiations on anti-dumping and subsidies and could, at the most, agree to a few (not all) of the issues increase by the perpetration on Anti-Dumping and Subsidies respectively. No consensus could, therefore, emerge. Agriculture Mandated negotiations have to commence on 1.1.2000 on Agriculture. In the run-up to Seattle,however, the Cairns Group of countries back up by US sought to secure a more rigorous negotiating mandate that would speed up expulsion/ decrement of their export/domestic subsidies. EC, lacquer, Norway etc., resisted this to the very end. While EC appeared to display some flexibility on this issue, Japan put up stiff opposition on further inroads into elimination of domestic subsidies.As for India, our concerns relating to food security were adequately reflected. Services No all-important(a) negotiation took place in Seattle as there was hardly any divergence of views on the draft text which adequately takes into account Indias concerns. Investment and Competition Policy India, Malaysia, Hong Kong, China and Pakistan proposed the continuation of the study process launched at Singapore. EC and others stubbornly argued that they wanted negotiations to be launched right away. Given this, the duologue broke off but a bridge proposal which aimed at carrying forward the study process to prepare for negotiations to be launched by the Fourth Ministerial Conference began to take shape. While India, Malaysia, Hong Kong, China and Pakistan continued to oppose even the bridge proposal, a number of other developing countries (including countries such as Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka and Egypt) showed inclination to agree to launch negoti ations or to agree to the agree proposal. Market Access for non-agricultural items in that respect was virtually no opposition for the launching of negotiations in this area except that a number of developing countries including ourselves pointed out the priority that we attached to the implementation issues and made it clear that agreeing to any text on this issue depended on progress in other areas. The text which evolved during the Green Room consultations left open the modalities to be followed for the tariff diminution exercise although the APEC countries wanted a specific reference to their Accelerated Tariff Liberalisation (ATL) initiative. EU wanted a common tariff reduction method to be adopted for all countries patch certain others best-loved a formula approach to be the main methodology. While our concerns were generally met in the draft text, the US insisted on avoiding any reference to peak-tariffs precept it was a politically sensitive issue. Several developing c ountries, including us, however, firmly unlike the substitution of peak tariffs by any other phraseology. This matter fluid needs to be resolved. Transparency in Government Procurement There were broadly three proposals on this subject at the Seattle Ministerial. First, that the Working Group should continue its work until the fourth Ministerial session. India and number of developing countries back up this proposal. Second, that the Seattle Ministerial should mandate commencement of negotiations based on the elements that had formed the basis of discussion in the Working Group with the objective of concluding an Agreement at the latest by the Fourth Ministerial session. A number of developed and developing countries such as Brazil and South Africa supported this proposal. Third, that the Ministers adopt at Seattle an Agreement on Transparency in Government Procurement based on the formulation proposed by the United States and the European Communities. After further discussions i n the open-ended Seattle Working Group on Singapore issues and other issues, its Chairman gave his understanding that there was virtual consensus among Members present on the second proposal. He noted that India was the only Member present that tell that it could not join such a consensus and urged India to reconsider its position. India had stated that it could only support further work in the Working Group aimed at arriving at a consensus on the elements of a Transparency agreement. Trade and Environment Developed countries, particularly EU, were very keen on negotiations on environment related issues to accommodate concerns of their civil society. They wanted environmental considerations merged throughout the negotiations in the new Round (mainstreaming) which will also edit out the focussed mandate of the Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE ) to that extent. ground forces was further keen that Members right to set high environmental standards was not undermined by trade rules. US and CAIRNS Group countries also called for the removal of environmentally damaging subsidies such as agricultural subsidies and fishery subsidies that contributed to over capacity. developing countries sought adjustments in the TRIPS Agreement for preservation of biological diversity and honour for conventional knowledge. The proposal to mainstream environment and dilute the role of CTE and the US proposal regarding environmental standards were opposed by some developing countries including India while there was considerable support for removal of environment- related subsidies. The TRIPS related proposals were supported by some, but there was no consensus. Intellectual Property Many members were uncoerced to complete the negotiations on the establishment of a multilateral system of relation and registration of geographical indications for wines and possibly spirits, while there was an emerging consensus for an early decision on the ongoing discussions on inclusion of other products for the higher(prenominal) level of protection as has been provided to wines under Art 23 of TRIPS. otherwise work programmes proposed to be launched at Seattle included a proposal to make recommendations to the Fourth Ministerial Conference on the scope for protection for traditional knowledge and folkfore under the TRIPS Agreement, and review of Article 71.1, including enhancing the Agreement to respond to its objectives and principles as well as new developments elsewhere, and of Article 27.3(b) relating to life forms and plant varieties. other issues There were a few other issues which were less controversial. Subjects belonging to this grade included E-commerce and trade facilitation. A proposal to set up a working group on transfer of Technology, supported by India also found wide support but was opposed by USA, while EC and some others preferred discussions on this issue within the Committee on Trade and Development. On the other hand, the proposed Working Group on Bio-technology, pursued by USA was hardly discussed because of strong opposition from many members, including India. Regarding transparency in the functioning of WTO, US and EU were keen for some kind of mechanism whereby civil society could participate in the WTO functioning, inter alia, through amicus curiae briefs in the trade dispute settlement mechanism. that this was sharply opposed by India and many other developing countries. certainty Thus WTO has been playing a very important role in Indias foreign trade. And India will be much more benefited if the present capital of Qatar round gets completed. Pascal Lamy has projected that it will be completed in the year of 2012.